Ambient Light In Contact Shadow - Free Essay Example

Sample details Pages: 18 Words: 5370 Downloads: 3 Date added: 2017/06/26 Category Statistics Essay Did you like this example? This dissertation is to simplify the ambient light in contact shadow using Maya embedded language (MEL) which can be useful for all lighting artists to get a global illumination effect in simple steps and to reduce process of render time and they can connect and disconnect the ambient shader and adjust using GUI (graphical user inter phase) all the buttons will be in GUI itself. These are simple techniques but if one needs the old fashioned moves heà ¢Ã¢â€š ¬Ã¢â€ž ¢s got to go to the control set up tools. But these are simplified here and all can be achieved in simple clicks which is easy to navigate. Don’t waste time! Our writers will create an original "Ambient Light In Contact Shadow" essay for you Create order All actions present in the GUI area all are present in my interface and one reason its better as its simple. This has been focused in a manner to anticipate all professional or not its easy to all. This helps all and even helps to navigate better through the GUI controls better. Chapter 1 INTRODUCTION Ambient Occlusion is a lighting technique that which is used to cast shadows on objects. This is a technique used in lighting which is misunderstood as this method casts shadows on objects where light does not reach. This method gives out a good render to the object with normal modes in the output. Ambient occlusion creates or casts soft shadows around the object which gives out a molded look. In technical terms ambient occlusion is a global illumination method and is commonly referred to as a cheap trick for alternative method of global lighting method. To be more specific in answering the above is each person has his means of working and all processes differ from one another. This is where ambient occlusion comes into being as some calculate the intensity of the light setup for every work file but most donà ¢Ã¢â€š ¬Ã¢â€ž ¢t and the best way to overcome is to use ambient occlusion where this does all the calculation and gives a better quality render more than we can accept. On aspects to other global illumination methods ambient occlusion does calculate in it manner but regarding other properties in the scene file. Where it has to go according to all shapes in the scene file to calculate the light setup to generate a global light effect which seems less complex than the regular lighting aspect in the software. This specialty makes ambient occlusion very well accepted among game developers and level designers and in various levels of production animation. Here I am going to simplify the Ambient Occlusion shader to get ambient light in all contacted shadows. Connecting the ambient occlusion to all the shader is a big process as we have a number of shader in a single scene file. I am going to develop a separate user interface in Maya for the user to manipulate my tools. By using my tools all the shader can be connected to the ambient shader with the single click and also can disconnect all the ambient shader in a single click. 1.1.AIM To simplify the ambient light in contact shadows using Maya embedded language (MEL) 1.2.OBJECTIVES Study the advantages and disadvantages of ambient occlusion shader To study about the real world light properties To implement natural lights using software Developing a MEL for simplifying ambient occlusion shader Developing an user interface in Maya for user to manipulate the tool(GUI) 1.3.STATEMENTS OF THE PROBLEM To connecting the ambient occlusion shader to all the other shader is a big process if there is number of shader are available in single scene file 1.4.RESEARCH QUESTIONS What is ambient occlusion? What r the different techniques for creating indirect lighting How shadows variation in time what are the advantages and disadvantages in ambient occlusion texture How to simplify the ambient occlusion texture node 1.5.SIGNIFICANCE OF STUDY When we are connecting ambient occlusion texture to number of shader most of them are facing the problem like connecting with shader one by one some time we may miss some shader while connecting and also it will take time to connect to lot of shader Here am going to do this dissertation for solving these problems. Here I am going to simplify the ambient occlusion texture by MEL script 1.6.Hypothesis The hypothesis of this project is to simplify the ambient occlusion texture using Maya embedded language (MEL) Chapter 2 Literature Review 2.1.Literature: à ¢Ã¢â€š ¬Ã…“Mastering Maya 2009à ¢Ã¢â€š ¬? à ¢Ã¢â€š ¬Ã¢â‚¬Å" Eric Keller, Eric Allen and Anthony Honn 2009 This book speaks about how ambient occlusion forms form indirect light rays and ambient occlusion effect can bring from Final Gathering and it will take more render time when u create in Final Gathering The above information help to get some knowledge and information about ambient occlusion. 2.2.Literature: à ¢Ã¢â€š ¬Ã…“Mental ray for Maya 3ds max and XSIà ¢Ã¢â€š ¬? à ¢Ã¢â€š ¬Ã¢â‚¬Å" Livny Boaz Ambient occlusion adding realism and produce more details in the output and render will be fast when we compare to Final gathering and Globule illumination how ambient occlusion works and explain detail about ambient occlusion attribute and also tell about what are the different between occlusion and ambient occlusion 2.3.Literature: à ¢Ã¢â€š ¬Ã…“Introducing Maya 2011à ¢Ã¢â€š ¬? Dariush Derakhshani We can take ambient occlusion as separate render pass that to help add more depth in models and later we can adjust in compositing. Ambient occlusion give great contact shadows 2.4.Literature: à ¢Ã¢â€š ¬Ã…“Maya Visual Effects: the innovatorà ¢Ã¢â€š ¬Ã¢â€ž ¢s guideà ¢Ã¢â€š ¬? à ¢Ã¢â€š ¬Ã¢â‚¬Å" Eric Keller Ambient occlusion is the easy and quick way to get Global illumination and tell how ambient occlusion note works in texture. Ambient occlusion produce soft shadows as like real world. when two models are placed near certain amount of light will be block and u will get soft shadows at the corner of the object 2.5.Literature: à ¢Ã¢â€š ¬Ã…“Rendering with Mental ray 3Ds Maxà ¢Ã¢â€š ¬? Joep Van Der Steen There are different types of shadow in 3ds max like normal 3ds max shadows and ray trace shadows .but normal shadows wont work in mental ray. If u need to get accurate shadows go for ray trace but render time will be increases when compare to normal shadows. Bounce light gives u realistically feel as like real life lighting. In real life light wont stop travel when its hits the ground it will hit and bounce for certain distance till its die and ambient occlusion also the one form of creating bounce light or indirect lighting for the scene but ambient occlusion wont be physically correct lighting when compare to FG(Final Gathering ) and GI (Globule illumination ). Ambient occlusion give reflective occlusion where we wont get in normal occlusion. 2.6.Literature: à ¢Ã¢â€š ¬Ã…“Writing Mental ray shader: perceptual Introductionà ¢Ã¢â€š ¬? à ¢Ã¢â€š ¬Ã¢â‚¬Å" Andy Kopra This book tells about how ambient occlusion rays are calculating in the scene and tell about how Technically ambient occlusion works in MEL scrip this book gives me clear idea how to develop my scrip in MEL 2.7.Literature: à ¢Ã¢â€š ¬Ã…“Rendering Techniques 2006à ¢Ã¢â€š ¬? Tomas Akenine-MÃÆ' ¶ller   Ambient occlusion shadow produce form ambient light. Ambient light emits form all direction and produce soft shadows. Most of the production companies using ambient occlusion for lighting for time saving in lighting and rendering. 2.8.Literature: à ¢Ã¢â€š ¬Ã…“Maya: secrets of the prosà ¢Ã¢â€š ¬? John L. Kundert-Gibbs, Dariush Derakhshani Ambient occlusion techniques in production are used in two ways are backing of ambient occlusion texture and taking of ambient occlusion passes in render. In backing of ambient occlusion we cant tweak while compositing but In ambient occlusion render pass we can tweak and bring new effect in compositing. 2.9.DVD:Digital Tutors Mental Ray Nodes Library This Tutor helps me what are the uses of the ambient occlusion how to connect ambient occlusion texture node in shader and explain clearly about the Attribute Editor of ambient occlusion to get good output. Chapter3 METHODOLOGY This document consists of a quantitative and qualitative method by Survey and gathering information from Internet, Books, tutorials , articles, books, paper and videos. 3.1.POPULATION: The people who are suitable for this population is texturing artist, lighting artist, rendering artist. They were questioned regarding the ambient occlusion shader and its uses in production field. The population of this research work carries the production experienced person. 3.2.SAMPLING: Judgment Sampling 3.3.SCOPE AND LIMITATIONS: This research is limited to the ambient occlusion shader. Chapter 4 Lights in CG 4.1 Overview 4.2 Types of lighting Chapter 5 Indirect lighting in CG 5.1Introduction 5.2 Final Gathering (FG) and Global illumination (GI) Chapter6 Ambient occlusion 6.1 overview 6.2 How it works 6.3 Advantages of ambient occlusion Chapter 7 Rendering 7.1 Mental Ray rendering 7.2 occlusion render over mental ray Chapter 8 MEL 8.1 Introduction to MEL 8.2 Creating GUI Chapter 4 Lights in CG 4.1.Introduction Lightning in computer graphics (CG) is nothing but giving special effects to the scenes to improve the quality of animation. Lightings available for all kind of occasions, all we need to do is just adjust the parameters. Most of them will not give more importance for lighting while creating there images or animations. Lighting plays very important role in computer graphics (CG), we can easily find the talented and untalented person in computer graphics (CG) by looking at the light effects given in the image or animation .Though we already know something about lightings in photography, film and video. We are just trying to bring the reality to computer graphics (CG). Lighting is used for creating a 3D effect by differentiating the foreground from background or else we can combine both to create 2D effect. This effect (Lighting) is mainly used to impress the viewer. Lighting is the most powerful tool in the computer graphics because this is the only tool which makes the viewer to feel. If your lighting perfectly fits for your image or animation then the final output will be much good to impress the viewer. Lighting can be expressed in two ways by being illuminated and a process of illumination. Lighting is defined globally by means of object which can be visible through the source illuminant application. Bouncing off lights or shiny objects can be made by the manipulation of light. If natural light is unavailable artificial lights can be used instead. Lighting is used everywhere and anywhere. Light is never said to be the same because of its variability, so lighting also changes. The natural sun light that we see in day to day life varies in a short period of time but the quality does not vary. The term state of lighting could in term mean intensity, its direction, its texture and form. This means something emotional. lighting is also a process of à ¢Ã¢â€š ¬Ã…“purposeful planning and designà ¢Ã¢â€š ¬? in which the light is to illuminate in an object. When lig hting is necessary, the lighting position and placement are to be in considering, once deciding the intensity. Lighting process also refers in analyzing the light quality as it strikes the subject. 4.1.ADDING LIGHT SOURCES: Adding lights to the scenes can be done in several ways and also different kinds of lights available in lighting effects. Some kind of lights are used to highlight the background, foreground, character etc., we must choose the light which is highly suitable for the cases so that the people could not able to find which effect is used. There are several types of adding lights effects available POINT(OMMIDERECTIONAL)LIGHTS SPOTLIGHTS DIRECTIONAL LIGHTS AREA LIGHTS Site accessed on 27th sep Pixel Cinematography: A Lighting Approach for Computer Graphics (SIGGRAPH 96 Course 30) SPHERICAL AREA LIGHTS FLAT AREA LIGHTS LINEAR LIGHTS MODELS SERVING AS LIGHTS 4.2.1POINT(OMMIDERECTIONAL)LIGHTS Point lights are also called as omni or omnidirectional lights, because it transmit in all directions, like any other lights e.g. bulb, sun etc The main thing in giving this effect is checking the shadows it should not spread in all directions. In real life, u can see more uniformly omnidirectional lights. Most of the times point lights are similar to real light bulbs for example, bulb lights spread allover the particular empty place, if a opaque thing (metal, wood etc.,) is kept in that place the shade will form behind that thing and side and size of the shade is depend on the location of the bulb. Though it is likely as omnidirectional we can spread it by using throw-pattern that is uneven. if you want to focus more light on some particular direction then you must do this action texture map to the light else by grouping the light with 3D object that produce shadows This light rays stimulated out from one infinitely small point in space, Its illumination and shadows passes out form the light in all direction. It is difficult to find a light which is uniformly omni directional in nature. Many light sources emit some amount of light in some directions. Uneven point lights can be used as a throw pattern, like a real bulb to emit more light in some direction rather than in other direction. This is done by applying a texture to the light or else by grouping the light with the 3d object which will cast shadows. 4.2.2.SPOTLIGHTS: Spotlights is the major light effect which is commonly used in computer graphics (CG).This light effect is used by major computer graphics (CG) specialist because it can be used to focus on a specific target. Spotlight is also similar to point light sometimes but it slightly differs in pointing the target there are some limitations for spotlights are it should not exceed.we can determine the focus aim by rotating the spotlight. You can also fix a target for your focus so that the focus will always on that particular target. Spot Lights are the most used light in the lighting design of computer graphics. Most of the popular artist prefer spotlights to light a scene because, this light can be controlled in any times to aim light at a selected target. The emition of spotlight is light radiation from a point, same as like the point light. The illumination in the spotlight is controlled through a cone angle or a beam of the light. The rotation of the spotlight will determine where the beam is aimed. Objects can also be linked to light to stay in the same orientation position. A spotlight has more controls and options which is not found in other type of lights, some options like projecting a image map from the light, creating fog, etcà ¢Ã¢â€š ¬Ã‚ ¦ With the help of spotlight the falloff which is the softness of the cone, allows the intensity of light diminish more gradually in the edges of the beam. 4.2.3.Directional Lights Directional light is an infinity source of illumination from a distance. These lights are variously known as distant, direct or infinite light. This light sets a single vector for its entire illumination object from the same angle, doesnà ¢Ã¢â€š ¬Ã¢â€ž ¢t matter the objectà ¢Ã¢â€š ¬Ã¢â€ž ¢s position. The shadows emitted by the directional light are in same direction and they are orthogonal projections of each 3d objectà ¢Ã¢â€š ¬Ã¢â€ž ¢s shape. The matter in placing the directional light is which way ità ¢Ã¢â€š ¬Ã¢â€ž ¢s pointed. The directional light is not so easy in aiming to a preferred local area like point and spot light. A set of lights constituting from different angles can be used to produce fill light, even in the individual lights in all angles in a low intensity. These lights can fill very large areas with illumination appearing as ambient, like filling the daylight from the sky giving a quick effective global ambience. it deals with the light position where it is plac ed and it is all about the direction of the object, shadow and lit falls depend on the light location. However the sunlight is the major source of light we need some more light effects to impress the viewer most probably directional light is used. The directional light which needs some specific angle to present a proper lighting so that the person should concentrate more on angles. 4.2.4.Area Lights The lights like point and spot emits light from a infinity source into space, which is not simulating the size of physical light source in real life. Point light cannot be scaled in any dimension. To get more accurate simulations of the real light, this area light have definable scale, so the all the rays of light are not emitted exactly from the same point. If the light is scaled small, the illumination will appear similar to a point light. The larger scale of area light, make the light appear softer, shadows appears to soft and the illumination in nearby objects. The amount of shadows and light achieved with area light makes the scene excellent in realistic rendering. The source of the light comes from some long gap like windows etc, is said to be area lights. This effect is important when the image or animation dealing with the room setup for example if there is a room there might be some windows so we must implement the area lights. It matches the situation than any other lighting techniques 4.2.5.SPHERICAL AREA LIGHTS: Spherical area light is also like area light it will spread in all directions. It is also called spherical light, spherical region of space is the source for the spherical light, this is mainly used in the case where the large light source. The spherical light has omni directional so the light does not have effect on our output. you can also replace the spherical light to point light when the illumination needs more concentration on light to cast soft edged shadows 4.2.6.FLAT AREA LIGHTS: Area light also available in flat shapes such as discs and rectangles. Light emitted from two dimensional areas can use less rendering time than three dimensional areas. The number of samples used to adjustable either approach. A rectangular area light is same as illuminated ceiling panel, a plane width and height that illuminates with naturally soft, diffused light. Light from ceiling is the major use of flat area light simulating the reflected illumination brightly lit walls and ceiling providing a soft. Aiming or rotating light changes your result, light from the edge of the flat area light is same as creating sharper shadow and also dimmer. 4.2.7.LINEAR LIGHTS: Linear light has same functionality as florescent tube and also scaled in one-dimension.it has a length soften the shadows and extend its illumination in one direction. How linear light affects the output. The shadow objects along the length of the light are very soft, but shadows from the end of the light are focused. We can use linear lights from fluorescent tubes, laser blasts. Line shape is not specifically needed, linear lights and it is used for general soft lighting scene they will not add as much as youà ¢Ã¢â€š ¬Ã¢â€ž ¢re rendering time as other types. It is similar as spherical area light . 4.2.8.MODELS SERVING AS LIGHTS: Light effect by model serving as lights is a 3dimensional model in your scene sort of area light source. By using this model we can make a nontraditional shape of light like neon sign, it is also used as a true light sources, as shown in figure. However, bright looking objects can be made by rendering the neon sign,and also by positioning other kind of light to the surface rounding area. Chapter 5 Indirect lighting in CG 5.1Introduction The indirect illumination simulates caustics, global illumination and final gathering.the specification of light energy is required. To allow color the light energy is as a RGB triple. But the values of the RGB are usually much higher than the range for color. In the preprocessing step the number of photons stored from the light source is determined by STORE and the number of photons emitted is determined by EMIT. The photon emission stops when either of the limit is reached. Using the power law of 1/r(exp) energy from the light source decreases as the square of the distance increases from the source. The physical correctness is lost when the exponent is other than 2. During caustics preprocessing The number of caustics photon stored can be specified by the caustic photon value which controls it. Likewise global photon value can be specified for global illumination. The value ranges from 10,000to 100,000.by increasing the value the accuracy increases and the bluriness decreases. In i ndirect lighting the lights sources are invisible by default. As the number of visible lights are increased the performance is reduces. 5.2 Final Gathering (FG) The estimation of global illumination is done by a technique called Final gathering. It can be illuminated by either sampling a number of direction over the hemisphere or by averaging the total final gather points nearby. To improve the quality of global illumination final gathering is used. Without final gathering computation on a diffused surface is made by the photon intensity near that point. With final gathering the new rays of light is are made to hit the sample hemisphere for the determination of incident illumination. Using illumination from the globillium photon map and the illumination at the points of diffused surface is computed. Some rays hit a specular surface and their contribution for final gather color is zero. Tracing each ray utilizes lot of time so it is done when it is necessary. For purely diffuse scene final gathering eliminates low frequency noise and dark corners. As the final gather averages over many values of direct illumination fewer photons are needed. F inal gathering can support only a single bounce. And multiple effect have far less impact on the image. The final gathering can perform these if the shaders can adjust the trace depth, otherwise it will be performed by photons by default. To control the photons coming from distant source of light final gathering is used and is good for film production. For CAD related applications photon mapping is used. Final gathering can be turned on or off in the options. In each final gathering the number of ray shot can be changed. The maximum distance at which the ray can be used depends on the scene extent. Decreasing the scene extent can reduce the noise but increase the render time. 5.2.1.Global illumination: Global illumination simulates the light bouncing of an object. It has two steps process. the photon emitting light emits photon in to the scene. A photon map is created to store the intensity and place of the photon in three dimensional space. Then the surfaces are illuminated. It is based on the intensity of the photon. In global illumination diffusive value is a must. In the second part of the image the actual process is rendering of the image. The energy value is averaged and these values are interpolated to get the image as the light is bouncing of the diffused surface. After perfecting the in this method, the photon map can be saved and reused. Thus we can save the time of rendering each frame, provided the scene is static. This is the calculation of more complete light transfer model said to be global illumination. This accounts for the indirect reflected light transfer in the scene. There are two types of global illumination, one simulates the behavior of the light of perfect specular light, and the second behaves in perfect diffuse light. These are most commonly referred to ideal specular, which hold ray tracing. Perfect diffuse reflections are called an ideal diffuse reflection, which is calculated using radiosity. This technique was developed in enhancing the realism in computer images in mimicking the light transfer. In periods it developed like image synthesis (photorealism) to simulation (photo accuracy). The radiosity is computed first and the ray tracer is computed to calculate the direct illumination the same way the reflection and refraction. 5.2.3.Local Illumination This is the direct illumination from a light source, this means a method of lighting which come form the direct visible source. This will not take full light in account; it only shows how the light affects the object that it calculates in the scene. Local illumination neglects the reflections and light propagations as itsà ¢Ã¢â€š ¬Ã¢â€ž ¢ bounced around the environment. The light transfer simulation in local illumination computes the light only produced from its light source itself to the object that it illuminates and stops there. In a sense an incomplete light transferà ¢Ã¢â€š ¬Ã¢â€ž ¢s model because it computes only the effect of direct light and cheats by the environmental lighting settings as à ¢Ã¢â€š ¬Ã…“glowà ¢Ã¢â€š ¬? to make it as reflected.[9][10] Local and Global 5.2.4.Ambient Light This is a light with constant intensity setting on the scene which serves as the sum of all in the direct illumination reflections in the scene. When describing this in effect ambient light is a kind of self-glowing illumination that mimics the object-to à ¢Ã¢â€š ¬Ã¢â‚¬Å"object light reflection. It is an independent intensity for all the objects in the scene. This light was invented to fake the direct illumination interobject reflection so the image will not be dark. This setting is adjusted globally through a scene parameter or per object. The preferable setting for ambient light in most scenes in set to be zero or low unless the object is producing light. This setting makes the fill light and the secondary lights influence in your scene more visible. Site accessed on 19th oct [https://:jmsoler.free.fr//tutor/lumiere_cornell_en.htm] Chapter 6 Ambient occlusion 6.1.Overview: Ambient Occlusion is a lighting technique that which is used to cast shadows on objects. This is a technique used in lighting which is misunderstood as this method casts shadows on objects where light does not reach. Ambient occlusion creates or casts soft shadows around the object which gives out a molded look. In technical terms ambient occlusion is a global illumination method and is commonly referred to as a cheap trick for alternative method of global lighting method. This technique is to get ambient light in all contacted shadows. This is where ambient occlusion comes into being as some calculate the intensity of the light setup for every work file but most donà ¢Ã¢â€š ¬Ã¢â€ž ¢t and the best way to overcome is to use ambient occlusion where this does all the calculation and gives a better quality render more than we can accept. 6.2.How ambient occlusion works: Ambient occlusion is a technique which adds visual realism to the image without being physically correct. The ambient occlusion result can be used to darken concave areas, which human eye perceives as indirect illumination shadows, or  contact shadows. The advantage of ambient occlusion is its computational speed. As it may be computed with very short rays and as no additional shader evaluations are required, the performance may be significantly higher than for  final gathering. 6.3.Ambient occlusion gains render time: Ambient occlusion is enabled by default. However, no actual computations will happen until requested by further settings or by shaders. The ambient occlusion cache is set  off  by default. In this mode, only shaders which  call for ambient occlusion  values will initiate computation on demand. If no such shaders exist in the scene, there is no overhead compared scenes rendered with ambient occlusion turned off. In case the ambient occlusion caching is enabled then mental ray will perform some computations before rendering starts, to fill the cache. The global defaults for ambient occlusion settings can be specified as  scene options  or on the mental ray  command line. Most of these values can be overwritten by a shader. The  ambient occlusion caching  may be enabled for the current rendering to gain overall speed. In this case, several preprocess passes will be computed. In the first pass, some ambient occlusion points are created on a coarse grid. Subsequent passes refine the grid adaptively. The density of the grid is determined by the  ambient occlusion cache density  setting which gives the  upper bound to the number of ambient occlusion points per pixel. Site accessed on 19th oct https://download.autodesk.com/us/maya/2009help/mr/manual/ao.html 6.4.Results better than indirect light: Ambient occlusion is the easy and quick way to get Global illumination and tell how ambient occlusion note works in texture. Ambient occlusion produce soft shadows as like real world. when two models are placed near certain amount of light will be block and u will get soft shadows at the corner of the object Ambient occlusion adding realism and produce more details in the output and render will be fast when we compare to Final gathering and Globule illumination Ambient occlusion refers to a type of shadowing that occurs when the ambient light in an environment is occluded (blocked) from reaching a surface by other nearby objects or other parts of the same object. You can see ambient occlusion effects in the photograph .The darkness that occurs in the cracks and crevices in the plaster design on an overcast day are a perfect example of ambient occlusion. Ambient occlusion effects are seen in many renders created using Final Gathering. that the ambient occlusion that occurs in a Final Gathering render lacks a certain amount of detail. Unless you increase the number of Final Gathering rays, detailed ambient occlusion shadows are difficult to achieve, and the more rays you emit into a scene, the longer the render time will be. This latter method is the most common approach and offers the most flexibility: the occlusion pass can easily be modified in the compositing software. Eliminating the need to re-render the entire scene if a change needs to be made. In this way you can use the ambient occlusion texture to augment the shadowing of a render pass that uses Final Gathering or as a substitute for rendering with Final Gathering Literature: à ¢Ã¢â€š ¬Ã…“Mental ray for Maya 3ds max and XSIà ¢Ã¢â€š ¬? à ¢Ã¢â€š ¬Ã¢â‚¬Å" Livny Boaz Literature: à ¢Ã¢â€š ¬Ã…“Maya Visual Effects: the innovatorà ¢Ã¢â€š ¬Ã¢â€ž ¢s guideà ¢Ã¢â€š ¬? à ¢Ã¢â€š ¬Ã¢â‚¬Å" Eric Keller Literature: à ¢Ã¢â€š ¬Ã…“Mastering maya 2009à ¢Ã¢â€š ¬?- Eric Keller Chapter 7 Rendering 7.1 Mental Ray rendering Mental ray rendering is capable of producing a realistic and quality image. It can render just with a single processor machine. It is achieved by advanced and proprietary acceleration technique. It achieves better performance using parallelism on multi processor machine and also on network machines. Mental ray can be used on wide range of application, such as in full length movies, games, architectural design and on virtual models. Mental ray rendering is used as a standalone application for efficient rendering on local machines and as a software library on 3D content creation and CAD systems. Mental ray has a number of standard shaders which range from basic illumination to typical materials for architectural and design, car paint to physical sun and sky lighting. Mental ray has a built-in standard models for best rendering performance and quality cover. 7.2.Rendering Ray tracing is an option on mental ray. Ray tracing is used for rendering very complex lighting. Ray tracing software is based on ray tracing architecture which allows for the flexible implementation of lighting effect. It includes reflection, global illumination, refraction. To speed up the ray intersection calculation it uses advanced tree algorithms. From an on-demand loading of geometry it can adjust to dynamic scene manipulation. Ray trace is used to produce shadows of an object. Without the ray trace is turned on there will be no shadows. In ray tracing, the light path is traced backwards i.e. the light is not traced from the origin or the source of light, it is traced from the eye or the object. The path of each light ray is defined by the straight line components. As the components vary from each other, each ray component is specified by mathematical equation defining its path as a function of space and time. Ray tracing is used on gaming, television and movie production. 7.3.Ray Tracing [12] This is a technique used in global illumination which uses rays or photons in order to keep the light path in track in a scene as it is projected on a two dimensional viewing plane (monitor, screen). It computes the visible surfaces only from the perspective of the viewer. The backward ray tracing is set with setting up a 2D viewing plane which is subdivided into fine grid or mesh This is the representative of the mesh of video display.. Each grid represents a picture element. It is the ray tracersà ¢Ã¢â€š ¬Ã¢â€ž ¢ job to determine the color and brightness of each pixel based on the available scene information Site accessed on 18th June https://whatis.techtarget.com/definition/0,,sid9_gci1068703,00.html [12] Site accessed on 18th June [https://www.siggraph.org/edu/materials/]

Spanish Myths, And Legends - 1220 Words

The Lady in Blue The Lady in Blue is a popular Spanish legend in the Southwest and particularly New Mexico. The legend of the lady started with New Mexico Indians in the 17th century and remains popular today. The Lady in Blue was in fact a real personMaria de Jesus de Agreda, or Sor Maria, as she was called. Sor Maria founded the Convent of the Immaculate Conception at Agreda. Sor Maria had a very strong reputation throughout Spain for her wisdom and sanctity, as well as her mystical and religious writings. After July 1643, Sor Maria became widely known for a more important reason. It was during this month, on the way to Aragon, that King Phillip IV stopped at Sor Marias convent. Following the visit, the two exchanged letters†¦show more content†¦The sailors declined. Another tale, from Antonio Galvao, also confirmed the presence of the island and its Portuguese inhabitants, who were curious about how the homefolks were doing against the Moors. Stories such as these prompted men like Columbus and, later, Coronado, to seek out the elusive Seven Cities of Antilia, regardless of the cost in time, men, and finances. They were sure the island was out there, lurking somewhere in the misty folds of the Atlantic. The legend was so ingrained in European society that most believed Columbus had found Antilia when he landed in the West Indies (the island group soon took the name, Antilles). John Cabot, when he landed in New England in 1497, named the area the Seven Cities. Source: The European Discovery of America: The Northern voyages, A.D. 500-1600 by Samuel Eliot Morison Strait of Anian Christopher Columbus began the search for an all-water route to Asia in 1492. After Columbuss voyages to the New World, Spain sent numerous explorers with three main objectives: Religious figures attempted to convert the natives to Christianity. Conquistadors sought gold and silver. 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With specific reference to Act 2 Scene 1 examine Marlene’s character Free Essays

With specific reference to Act 2 Scene 1 examine Marlene’s character. Consider how the interview process exposed what she is like and the choices she has made. Marlene is a high powered business woman; she has just gained a promotion to managing director of a successful employment agency called ‘Top Girls. We will write a custom essay sample on With specific reference to Act 2 Scene 1 examine Marlene’s character or any similar topic only for you Order Now ‘ In Act 2 Scene 1 Marlene is positioned in the work environment, this enables the audience to see her perform as she would on a daily basis. This is the first time the audience sees Marlene in the work place you are able to make the observation that Marlene is well suited in this career as she is very ambitious. Act 1 informed the audience that Marlene just received a promotion this shows she is dedicated and successful within this agency. Marlene’s charisma does a lot to hide her working class roots which she has obviously tried very hard to conceal from the people around her. You would never make the assumption that Marlene is from an impoverish background however, this is revealed when her sister is introduced in Act 2 Scene 2 and shown in working class society. Marlene has made several choices in life in order to move herself up civilization, which Churchill discloses throughout the play. Marlene is interviewing a young girl, Jeanine, for a job in Act 2 Scene 1. The audience is able to see her brisk interviewing skills here and how Marlene would generally perform in the work place. Marlene is quick to notice Jeanine’s faults; this shows her to be a relatively pessimistic person. She is fairly blunt and seems rushed in this scene. This shows she is a busy woman who is committed to her work. Churchill purposely exposes the differences within the two women here even though Marlene was once from the same background as Jeanine, her abandoning of the ‘working class’ background is noticeable in this scene as she clearly views Jeanine as being underneath her. This is shown by Marlene using Jeanine’s forename, † Right Jeanine, you are Jeanine aren’t you? † which is generally informal and disrespectful in this situation. Marlene is very original in her views of other women, she seems very self indulged, even though she helps people get jobs she is very ambitious and constantly looking ahead. As Marlene has no one else to worry about Churchill shows her to be self reliant and not want to let anyone else into her life. Jeanine has different ambitions to Marlene, though Jeanine is not necessarily the ambitious type she does have one desire, to get married. Marlene’s character is thoroughly exposed when the idea of marriage and children in introduced. She reacts very negatively to both these aspects and seems to view Jeanine negatively for having this ambition. It is revealed in the Act 3 of ‘Top Girls’ that Marlene in fact gave up her own child in order to pursue her career. Marlene has made sacrifices, marriage and children to be in the position she is in now and Churchill portrays Marlene to view other people differently for taking this path, like she believes others should make the same choices as she has. When Jeanine mentions not receiving an engagement ring Marlene responds with, â€Å"saves taking it off. † This shows she believes marriage affects work and possibly should stay undisclosed. This shows she is very dedicated to work, possibly too much so. Marlene is definitely a woman who knows what she wants from life and plans ahead to the future. Jeanine is very much the opposite of this as she is very reliant on other people’s views and ideas instead of her own. When Marlene questions her about ten years time Jeanine replies with â€Å"I might not be alive in ten years. † This shows the audience their obvious differences and Jeanine’s lack of expectations for herself. Marlene is definitely the type of woman who has planned out her next direction in life with steady consideration. Marlene thoroughly believes in commitment to work in order to receive the things you want. She went in to do higher education in order to pursue a career and distant her self from the working class life, her sister’s life. This has been an inevitable choice for Marlene and she seems very independent. Marlene does not have a close connection with anyone. Here distances are brought across while speaking to Jeanine on the idea of marriage and children but also the idea of cutting Jeanine’s speech up meaning she does not care about her personal life. I don’t believe Marlene leads a great social life as she is very work orientated. Act one shows us she has never really had any partners showing again her self reliance but also her inability to make time for others. We know she has at least had one partner when it is revealed that Angie is in fact Marlene’s daughter who she handed over to her sister. Though it is never revealed properly why, you get the impression Marlene would not give up the time to look after her daughter and did not want a child to interfere with her plans in future. She wanted to pick the career path not the child path. Marlene’s new middle class background Marlene is definitely in a better financial state than Joyce but Marlene chooses to leave Joyce to take care on Angie. Marlene is not fond of children so the audience is able to identify that this child was not planned and Marlene left her mistakes behind her by moving away and beginning work. When Jeanine is speaking about her marriage, Marlene is swift to change the subject, possibly showing she is lonely and knows what she has missed out on. Marlene has abandoned the idea of ever getting married, to work for this company, receive her latest promotion etc. The play provides negative connotations toward being married and having children in this work environment as Marlene says â€Å"So you won’t tell them you’re getting married†¦ It would probably help. † Showing it is more difficult to get a good job when you have other commitments. Relationships are a hindrance for Marlene while Jeanine sees her relationship as her main focus in life. Marlene is very enigmatic as she keeps most problems and situations to herself. She is a serious character, especially in the work place. In Act 1 you see a slightly more open and humorous side to Marlene however, this was most likely because of her severe alcohol intake. In this interview process, Churchill portrays Marlene as being straight to the point and says what she thinks so that she does not have to waste time. Her job is a busy one and the way she acts towards Jeanine in the interview shows she does not have time to waste â€Å"We don’t have any foreign clients. You’d have to go elsewhere. † Marlene also speeds up the interview so it finishes quickly this may be due to her amount of other work or her disliking of Jeanine, it is unclear because of Marlene’s secretive side. Marlene seems to live up to the middle class stereotype. There is no connection with anyone from working class background made; this shows Marlene to be ashamed. She is proud for leaving that world behind but keeps it to herself as she doesn’t want people to judge her for whom she used to be. Marlene is presented in many ways. Seeing her in the working environment is very significant as this is how she exposes herself to other people. Churchill wants to shows the differences between the two characters in Act 2 Scene 1. Marlene is apathetic towards Jeanine. She has dissimilar ambitions to Jeanine and slightly frowns upon her for choosing this path that Marlene has been so successful without. The differences here really highlight Marlene’s thoughts and her as a character. The choices she has made in order to live a middle class career following life are very significant. Giving up a child is a huge decision and Marlene believes in part she made the correct choice and she is now a very successful business woman. You do receive the feeling that it has affected her on the whole as she quickly switches the direction of conversation while speaking with Jeanine about marriage and children. Also the idea of being very secretive shows Marlene must be slightly ashamed or possibly does not find others very trust worthy. She has changed her image and does not feel the need to mention the past which is mature of Marlene. Overall she is exposed by Churchill as making many significant choices in life which she makes no attempt to change permanently. Marlene is portrayed as being dedicated and successful in the work place and this is largely helped by her steady ambition. She has transformed herself and sacrifices certain aspects of life in order to be successful and have her dream occupation. How to cite With specific reference to Act 2 Scene 1 examine Marlene’s character, Papers

Marketing Strategy of Open Family Australia

Question: Discuss about the Marketing Strategy of Open Family Australia. Answer: Introduction: This assessment consists of identifying the marketing strategy of Open Family Australia and providing adequate recommendations to them. There are various integrated communication mix in the market that will help Open Family Australia to address their potential market. Open Family Australia deals with changing lifestyle of homeless and risky young individuals with proper care and intensive support. Their vision is to provide homeless people to overcome poverty and giving proper expertise to build their future. The organization was founded in Melbourne in 1978. On November 2005, it became a Registered Australian Body with the Australian Securities and Investment Commission (ASIC). The microenvironment of Open Family Australia Consists of the people between the age of 12 and 25, those are detached from the society. More than 65% of the clients of Open Family Australia are old under 18 years of age. The client group is divided in the ratio of 59% of male and 41% of female (King, 2017). Most of the clients of Open Family Australia are those people that face regular family breakdowns and conflicts. These critical issues are adequately addresses by the Open Family Australia organization and provide them with better living conditions. The macro environment consists of the socio economic groups, the government and political aspect of the country. As the most number of clients are young and below the age of 18, it is necessary for the researcher to identify the target market, where there are huge potential of youth populations. The environmental factors related to Open Family Australia are they they have to maintain all the rules and regulations of environment protection act and keep the environment pollution free. The target market of Open Family Australia consists of railway stations, consumer malls, public recreation places and boarding houses. The differentiation strategies of Open Family Australia are to provide their clients with useful skills and support them ment ally to overcome their failures and strengthen their life styles (King, 2017). Open Family Australia also enables their clients to choose their own challenges, very few numbers of rules and regulation, higher level of engagement and interactions and a good sense of accomplishment to their client provides Open Family Australia to gain competitive advantages over their competitors (King, 2017). Promotional Mix Strategies of Open Family Australia: Every organization needs to have effective promotional strategies to make success in their business operation. A product or service does not have a value if they are not communicated clearly in the market place (Kotler et al. 2015). There are various ways to promote a product or service using the promotional mix strategies such as: Advertising: Advertising is a paid form of communication where the organization advertises their product and services to increase awareness among consumers. In the case of Open Family Australia, their focus should be on advertising on those places where the accumulation of young population is much more (Shank and Lyberger 2014). For example, advertising near railway stations, consumer malls, public recreation places and boarding houses with the help of hoardings, brochure and mass media will provide enough awareness and brand recognition for Open Family Australia. The advertisement must also attract the homeless people and should be able to move them towards Open Family Australia. The companys vision and goals must be properly defined in the advertisement that will generate interest among the clients and provide a sense of trust in them. A sound advertising campaign will help the customer to know about all the services provided by the Open Family Australia and they will be able to di fferentiate them from others respectively (Kutay and Ozturk 2013). Public Relation: Public relation is all about creating and developing positive relationship between the media and the organization. It does not only consist of creating an encouraging relationship with the help of publicity but also reducing the negative situations existing in the market place (Ashraf, Rizwan and Khan 2014). To make the organization more sound Open Family Australia can make good public relation in the way of asking donations from people, finding adequate number of sponsors and targeting corporate environments to portray their goals and vision. Merging with other companies will also provide them a competitive advantage and enable them to extend their business. Open Family Australia can take initiatives in delivering healthy meals to homeless people. With proper food packs and nutritional meals, they will be able to touch the emotional segments of their clients and that will lead to a successful public relations campaign. The company must implement campaigns that will provide free groceries and nutritional information to the customers and that will enable them to decide on Open Family Australia programs successfully (Meo et al. 2014). Sales Promotion: Sales Promotion is a technique that is used to gather short-term increase in sale with providing added benefits in their product and services (Meo et al. 2014). In the case of Open Family Australia, as they only provide services to their clients their sales promotion strategies will be to provide new features and experiences according to their clients needs and wants. That may include giving rewards to their clients, providing sense of accomplishment, generating a healthy environment to live and improve their standard of living (Ashraf, Rizwan and Khan 2014). Personal Selling: Personal Selling methods consist of addressing individual clients and providing adequate services to them individually (Salvi, 2013). As Open Family Australia is a charitable organization with the goals and vision to improve the homeless people with improved skill and lifestyle they can offer individual attention to their clients by meeting them one to one and discussing their problems, sharing their griefs and providing them with mental support. Moreover, Open Family Australia must utilize more social media platforms to attract new clients and initiate higher level of interaction with the help of personal selling. Direct Mail: These types of promotional strategies include sending mails and letters to respective individual or organizations (Tuten and Solomen 2014). In the Case of Open Family Australia, they can target the youth market my sending mails and brochures of their charitable institution and generate interest among them. The company must target those areas that consist of youth populations and concentrate on fulfilling their desire. Internet Marketing: Internet marketing is one of the most crucial factors when it comes to promotional strategies. Internet marketing is very necessary to attract young clients as the youth group are basically concentrated with internet activities (Tuten and Solomen 2014). As the main target audience of Open Family Australia is basically youth centric it is very much important to advertise their goals and mission virtually to attain more consumers. Moreover, the youth are always virtually active so it is easy to gather more clients by creating a user-friendly websites that will provide all the necessary information about Open Family Australia and what they do to improve the lifestyles of people and provide safety and security to their clients (Banerjee, Saha and Yadav 2013). Social Media: Social Media marketing is very necessary while promoting a brand it consists of placing the brand attributes socially that will lead to recognition and appreciation of the brand in the social media. Due to Globalization and increase in digital marketing process, most of the companies are initiating social marketing strategies to advertise their expertise in front of a large cluster of audience. For example, Open Family Australia must provide messages on social media platforms like Facebook, Twitter and Google Plus to keep their clients interested in their organization and make more youth aware of their organization and the expertise that they provide. Open Family Australia should use flash sale strategies in the social media platforms to attain the need of the social media readers (Pauser, Wagner and Ebstar 2016). Sponsorship: Sponsorship is important to sustain the organization in the long run and to increase its operations in the due course of business. Open Family Australia, must use the concept of sponsorship in their worthy cause of the organization. Attracting new corporate sponsors will enable the organization to raise awareness and create sound brand image among a large audience (Banerjee, Saha and Yadav 2013). Open Family Australia must asks for donations in their websites that will help in generating funds for their organization and will create a better workforce to tackle all the challenges of the operations efficiently (Pauser, Wagner and Ebstar 2016). Recommendations: Open Family Australia can increase their brand awareness using the most useful tools that are Social Media Marketing, Internet Marketing and Advertising. Social Media is a great platform as more people are coming online and the dominance of the virtual world is gaining potential. Open Family Australia needs to provide proper messages into the social media platforms to attain potential clients. As they are a charitable organization, their vision and missions are needs to display in the messages that can provide a clear and crystal view in fronts of their clients. The internet marketing strategies of Open Family Australia must address in making a social app through which they can monitor and maintain their client needs and ability to provide better services to them. The success to any business strongly depends on the way they advertised themselves in the market place. Open Family Australia must make sound advertisement those are appreciated socially. A good advertisement leads to create an emotional bonding with the customers that provide a sense of trust among them and build good brand reputation. Open Family Australia needs to improve their public transport facilities, proper fares and good advertising on the public transport. They also needs to co-operate between youth service provides in order to gather new potential clients and solve issues that are affecting the life o f the young people in and around Australia. The right promotional strategies along with the right tool of promotion must be chosen to address the need of the clients and market the brand successfully. Open Family Australia, is a progressive organization with a social cause in providing valuable services therefore it is necessary for them to gather information from youth centric service providers in order to select their promotional strategies. Then the promotion must be initiated where there are gathering of large number of peoples for example near shopping malls, railways stations and community halls. Conclusion: This assignment consists of analyzing the promotional tools through which Open Family Australia will be able to address their potential target market. The sole mission of Open Family Australia is to change the lives of homeless people and providing them with long-term support that enables the clients to build a better future for them. To accomplish this goals the organization needs to first identify their target markets, proper segmentation strategies are required to address the need of the potential market. The researcher has identified the market, which is youth centric. As Open Family Australia, primary target is homeless youth those who suffers from drugs or alcoholic problems. The researcher has also critically identified the business environment of Open Family Australia that includes strengths like doing charitable business for a worthy cause. Providing better level of engagement with their clients and giving good sense of accomplishment to them. The opportunities of the organi zations are to utilize more social media platforms to engage different types of clients under their brand name. Increasing the number of volunteers in their organizations, those can target corporate environment to gather clients. The weakness of the Open Family Australia concludes that they are hugely depended on sponsorship and donations. The threat prevailing in this organization is competition from its competitors and the challenges are time consuming for them. To overcome all this challenges Open Family Australia needs to implement successful promotional strategies that will help them in gathering potential clients for their organizations and will create growth opportunities for their charitable endeavor. The internal environment of the company requires improvement that will help them to gain a competitive advantage and potential market share. The only drawbacks of the company are the distance between the understanding level within their volunteers and clients. These issues can be solved by recruiting volunteers from the same age group of the clients. References: Ashraf, M.G., Rizwan, M. and Khan, M.A., 2014. The promotional tools and situational factors impact on consumer buying behaviour and sales promotion.Journal of Public Administration and Governance,4(2), pp.179-201. Banerjee, S., Saha, S. and Yadav, P., 2013. Brand personality creation through advertisingA study on food beverages brands.ZENITH International Journal of Multidisciplinary Research,3(2), pp.216-230. BOX, B.I.A., 2015. The internet marketing. Hollensen, S., 2015.Marketing management: A relationship approach. Pearson Education. King, M. (2017). Our History - Open Family Australia. [online] Openfamily.org.au. Available at: https://www.openfamily.org.au/who-we-are/our-history.html [Accessed 10 Jan. 2017]. King, M. (2017). Our Structure - Open Family Australia. [online] Openfamily.org.au. Available at: https://www.openfamily.org.au/who-we-are/our-structure.html [Accessed 10 Jan. 2017]. Kotler, P., Burton, S., Deans, K., Brown, L. and Armstrong, G., 2015.Marketing. Pearson Higher Education AU. KUTAY TINMAZ, C. and ztrk, E., 2013, May. Effects of Advertising on Sales: the Evidence from Bosnia and Herzegovina. InInternational Conference on Economic and Social Studies, 10-11 May, 2013, Sarajevo(Vol. 1, No. 1). International Burch University. Meo, A., Abbas, M.D., Sajjad, M.N., Rizwan, M. and Hameed, M.S., 2014. The impact of promotional tools on sales promotion.Journal of Public Administration and Governance,4(2), pp.202-216. Obeid, M.Y., 2014. The effect of sales promotion tools on behavioral responses.International Journal of Business and Management Invention,3(4), pp.28-31. Pauser, S., Wagner, U. and Ebster, C., 2016, July. CHARISMATIC SELLING: AN INVESTIGATION OF CHARISMATIC NONVERBAL BEHAVIORS IN PERSONAL SELLING. In2016 Global Marketing Conference at Hong Kong(pp. 145-146). Salvi, P., 2013. Effectiveness of sales promotional tools: A study of discount, price off and buy one get one free offers in branded apparel retail industry in Gujarat.ELK Asia Pacific Journal of Marketing and Retail Management,4(4), pp.1-9. Sampson, P.B., 2015. Social Media or Personal Selling? Strategy for Successful Sales of Student Projects. Shank, M.D. and Lyberger, M.R., 2014.Sports marketing: A strategic perspective. Routledge. Taylor, C., 2015. Social Media Marketing: Internet Marketing Strategies. Tuten, T.L. and Solomon, M.R., 2014.Social media marketing. Sage.

Family, its meaning, important and functions free essay sample

Family, what is it? The Thesaurus dictionary defines family as â€Å"a primary social group consisting of parents and their offspring. † Dcitionary. com defines family as â€Å"any group of persons closely related by blood, as parents, children, uncles, aunts, and cousins. † Do you agree with it? What is your concept of family? For me, family has more to do with the emotional side because someone might have been adopted, might be an exchange student but still is part of the family. Two years ago, I was an exchange student. I lived in Snellville, Georgia with the Head family. I wasn’t related to them by blood, I was not even adopted (meaning that I didn’t have their middle nor last name) but that didn’t stop me from feeling like I was a part of the family. There I learned a new concept of what family is and what the functions of the family are. We will write a custom essay sample on Family, its meaning, important and functions or any similar topic specifically for you Do Not WasteYour Time HIRE WRITER Only 13.90 / page The functions of the family are giving material and emotional security to the ones you love, social placement, and socialization besides regulation of sexual activity through the incest taboo (meaning that there shouldn’t have sexual relationship or marriage between certain kin). Between all the things I learned that were functions of the family, one seems to me the most important, emotional and material security because those are the base of a good and happy family, once the others can change. Due to career changes, a lot of families now-a-days move quite often, thus every time you move you have to once again adapt yourself to the new habits of the place you are and start to socialize, going through the whole social path again (meeting the people, getting to know there culture, showing them your culture and adapting yourself to the new). I admit that this path it is not easy but if you have material and emotional security you’ll go through it easier. For me it was a bit different because I didn’t have my â€Å"blood family† with me but they were supporting me every way they could. Even without them, it wasn’t hard to adapt myself to the American culture because I also had my American family with me. Whenever I had difficulty with something in the American culture I had my American family to help me to understand the new concepts and also to show me some other new things; and whenever I need help in accepting the new cultural values, my Brazilian family (even far from me) were supporting me and showing me that all the values they taught me when I was younger were now going to be used because, sometimes you don’t need to like the new but you always have to respect it. My family taught me that the love, affection and companionship family members have for each other are bigger than any other feelings someone can have and that is what makes a family, that’s what makes family such an important concept in everyone lives.

10 Anthologies About Writing

10 Anthologies About Writing 10 Anthologies About Writing 10 Anthologies About Writing By Mark Nichol It is quite possible to spend the rest of your life reading about how to write and never get around to actually writing especially with so many convenient collections of writers’ ruminations like the ones listed and described below. 1. Bad Girls: 26 Writers Misbehave Twenty-six authors share confessions about their transgressions in this collection. 2. Behind the Mystery: Top Mystery Writers Mystery writer Stuart Kaminsky’s conversations with friends and colleagues from old-school authors like Elmore Leonard and Mickey Spillane to more recent talents such as Sue Grafton and Tony Hillerman are distinguished from similar interviews by their informality. 3. The Creative Writing Coursebook: Forty Authors Share Advice and Exercises for Fiction and Poetry Beginning, intermediate, and expert writers alike will benefit from this assortment of advice and activities from a diverse array of published authors. 4. The Paris Review Interviews This four-volume set, also available in individual volumes, features interviews with a who’s who of twentieth-century literature by George Plimpton, longtime editor of the Paris Review. 5. The Resilient Writer: Tales of Rejection and Triumph by 23 Top Authors Arthur Golden, Bret Easton Ellis, Amy Tan, and a score of other successful writers share the agony of rejection and the ecstasy of acceptance. 6. Why We Write: 20 Acclaimed Authors on How and Why They Do What They Do Twenty top writers answer a set of ten questions about their motivations for writing and about the favorite and least favorite aspects of their work. 7. Writers on Writing: Collected Essays from The New York Times 8. Writers on Writing, Volume II: More Collected Essays from The New York Times In these two collections of essays originally published in the New York Times in its weekly â€Å"Writers on Writing† feature, some of the greatest writers of our age explore both the practical and the artistic aspects of what it means to be a writer. 9. Writers On Writing: A Bread Loaf Anthology Twenty-five poets, short story writers, and novelists offer a series of literary workshops in book form, sharing their thoughts about the writing process. 10. The Writing Life: Writers on How They Think and Work This collection of entries of â€Å"The Writing Life,† a Washington Post column, shares the thoughts of dozens of celebrated fiction and nonfiction writers. Want to improve your English in five minutes a day? Get a subscription and start receiving our writing tips and exercises daily! Keep learning! Browse the Book Reviews category, check our popular posts, or choose a related post below:Math or Maths?The Letter "Z" Will Be Removed from the English AlphabetEducational vs. Educative

The Ideal Person Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 500 words

The Ideal Person - Essay Example An ideal person is truthful to others and is honest in his deeds. He never fails or gives up his efforts of self-cultivation. He gives little importance to earthly gains. In The Analects of Confucius, translated by Charles Muller, Confucius states that, â€Å"The Gentleman has nothing to compete for. But if he must compete, he does it in an archery match, wherein he ascends to his position, bowing in deference. Descending, he drinks the ritual cup. This is the competition of the Gentleman† (as cited in Muller, 2010, 3:7). So, we see that a true Confucius gentleman does not waste his time in planning for worldly gains like prizes, awards, and property; rather, he is a man of standards thinking high above the earthly possessions. He is a well-determined person and a good sport in himself. He places morals and virtues above everything else. He stays composed in hard times and is an inspiration for others around him. This makes him an important part of the society. This is the principle according to which an ideal person inculcates in him a sense of modesty and self-control. An ideal person is well-mannered and respects his elders. He acts honorably and is not self-centered. It is good for him to be ambitious but those ambitions should not be achieved through unjust means. Social etiquettes and mannerism matter a lot. According to this principle, a person should develop love for his family and then for the whole society. When parents love their children and vice versa, this strengthens the family bond and the whole society benefits in the

In relation to one particular country, critically assess the claim Essay

In relation to one particular country, critically assess the claim that the roadmap progresses the EU gender - Essay Example But soon EU has realised the need also to improve the quality of lives among the constituents of the European Union. On May 1, 1999, the Amsterdam Treaty was enforced and that signaled EU's predilection to give importance to the rights of individuals as well as to render them justice, individual security and freedom. Suddenly EU felt it is its role to be at the vanguard for the protection of their human rights as well as to eliminate discrimination against them by reason of race, color, sex, religion and age (Eur-Lex 2008). Signing the European Convention on Human Rights then became a condition for membership to the EU and all member States must accede to the provisions of the Charter of Fundamental Rights which became enforceable when the Lisbon Treaty was formally signed on December 13, 2007 (Europa 2007). As an offshoot of the Charter of Fundamental Rights, the Roadmap For The Equality Between Men and Women was adopted by EU on March 1, 2006, which aim is to promote gender equality throughout the European Union. This Roadmap for Equality Between Men and Women must be fleshed out because equality between men and women is specifically provided for in the 1993 Treaty of Maastricht which established the European Community. This treaty provision must be enforced so as to give life to the Charter and thus make it a powerful document that rules the lives of the EU constituents and not merely inserted there for the heck of it or to serve as decoration to add words to the volume of the provisions of the Treaty (The Treaty of Maastricht 1993). Article 2 specifically provides "The community shall have as its task..to promote throughout the community..equality between men and women. Article 3 section 2 further provided, "In all the activities referred to in this article, the community shall aim to eliminate inequalities, and to promote equality, between men and women". Article 141 is more specific with its provisions as it exhorts "equal pay for male and female workers for equal work or work of equal v alue". It also defined the meaning of the provision"equal pay without discrimination based on sex". That it is imperative that the Roadmap must be established is clearly specified in article 141 section 3, whereby it stipulates that "the Council acting in accordance with the procedure referred to in article 251..shall adopt measures to ensure the application of the principle of equal opportunities and equal treatment of men and women in matters of employment and occupation, including the principle of equal pay for equal work over work of equal value". Article 141

Employee competence & reward strategys - Read the provided case study Essay

Employee competence & reward strategys - Read the provided case study on UtilityCo then answer the questions set out in the Project Outline document - Essay Example An individual can be said to be competent if he possesses the skills, knowledge and abilities that are necessary to perform a particular task that the individual is given the responsibility of. With such a combination of traits, a person can be able to competently perform a task in any given situation or a working environment. In the same respect, one may lose competency without losing the skills, abilities or knowledge if the requirements for executing a particular task changes or the working conditions changes (Dickmann, 2008). Competency is also used as a general term when the requirements of people in communities and organizations whereby there are requirements for the people to perform various tasks for the community or organization. These can be described by the various requirements that organizations have put in a particular language for the employees to be considered competent or what educational institutes have put in a specific language for the students to graduate from them. One of the most important aspects of this kind of competence is that it has to be an action competence and this means that the people must show their competence in action (Armstrong, 1999). As far as human resources are concerned, it is more significant to have competence development policies especially for some general competences that an organization is dependent on to run its business. The general competences can be classified into levels and they include the novice whereby a person who can be classified as a novice has the behavior based on the rules of the organization and is very inflexible as well as very limited. The next level is the experienced beginner whereby this employee has the ability to incorporate aspects from a given situation. The third level is the practitioner who is capable of acting consciously in relation to any long term plans and

Strategic Management in FedEx in response to Competition

Strategic Management in FedEx in response to Competition History of air carriers as given by Coyle et al attributes the use of airplanes for mail transport as the starting point of the airline industry (Coyle et al, 2006:158). From mail transport air transportation moved to passenger, transport where the industry has all through established its dominance especially when it comes to transporting passengers over long distances in very short periods of time. The services offered by for-hire carriers can be classified into all-cargo, air taxi, commuter, charter and international services (Coyle et al, 2006:159). All-cargo carriers such as FedEx and UPS airlines are primarily concerned with the transportation of cargo. Federal Express Corporation, which is a cargo airline, is based at Memphis in the United States of America. Federal Express Corporation also known as FedEx is the largest airline globally with regard to freight tons but in terms of fleet size, it is the worlds second largest airline (Zhang, 2006:98). The corporation provides direction and financial reporting for a number of companies, which collectively compete under the Federal Express name globally. The companies include FedEx Ground, FedEx Express, FedEx Office, FedEx Freight, FedEx Services, FedEx Trade Networks and FedEx Custom Critical (FedEx.com, 2010:110). Before the Federal Express became Federal Express Corporation it was known as FedEx but it adopted the current name under which it currently operate in 1998 when it acquired Caliber System Inc. Federal Express Corporation built on its strength of express delivery service and formed more diversified company which incorporated different but related businesses (Denton, 1992:86). Federal Express Corporation is the leading firm in the transportation industry globally. The company has managed to attain its current position by incorporating what it takes to be a major player in the global market (Gp-Training, n.d.). FedEx Corporation has built superior virtual, physical and people network to shape network economy in the global scale. The following discussion will seek to conduct a strategic management analysis of FedEx based on two models; Porters five forces model and the SWOT analysis. The two models have been selected based on the reason that they provide a step-by-step analysis of an organization. They are objective and can enable a planner or strategic manager to make accurate predictions of a business or project. Further, they greatly assist in prior determinations before capital investments are made, for instance, they greatly assist in determining whether the goals and objectives of a particular business are attainable. SWOT Analysis and five forces model of Federal Express Corporation Introduction SWOT analysis refers to an evaluation technique deployed in determining the strengths, weaknesses, opportunities and techniques in a business venture. On the other hand, Michael Porter established a structure that models a business as being influenced by five main forces. This model is very important and can be used by industries to understand their operations better. According to Overbeck (2009:126) porters five forces, which is a model for industry analysis, include rivalry, threats of substitutes, Buyer power, Supplier power and Barriers to entry or threat of entry (McGrew Wilson, 1982:75). In addition, FedEx SWOT analysis presents various opportunities as well as strengths of the company, which have made it become one of the market leaders globally. However, the company also has a number of threats and weakness that should be addressed to be able to become even more prosperous in future. Source: Hill, C. and Jones G. (2009:67). Strategic management theory. New York: Cengage Learning. Porters Five Forces model Rivalry According to Hill and Jones (2009:42), competition between rival firms according to traditional economic model drives profit to ultimately zero. However, competition is not perfect and businesses are not basic passive price takers but they strive for competitive advantage over rival firms. Application of rivalry, which is Michael porters first force to the Federal express, is evident. For instance, the corporation was faced with threatening rivalry challenge before it occupied the current position in the industry. For instance, the entry of competitors in their market. UPS in particular, posed a major threat. The company was ready to spend enormous sums of money in market penetration. For example, it invested in a thirty million dollar ad for purposes of competing with FedEx. Another challenge facing FedEx is the progressive developments in technology which act as substitutes to transnight mail delivery, for example, fax and emails. The entry of UPS into the market posed a severe thr eat to FedEx, serious enough to cause Pauline and Farhoomand (2000:88), to report that the transportation volume of FedEx was going down. FedEx Corporation responded to the threat of rivalry that threatened its progress and in January 2000, it resorted to reorganize the company into groups operation by doing business with the whole FedEx family. According to Hill and Jones (2009:42) it is important to reconsider strategy in order to compete effectively in the market. The theory of Porters five forces model state that such action should only be taken after understanding the structures of the industry (Goodwin, 2001:178). The resolution was that the five subsidiary companies and FedEx corporation was to compete collectively but to function independently, a strategy that boosted their pursuit for an advantage in the industry. This is in accordance with the strategic management theory and the model of Porters five forces, which further advocates the scrutiny of competitive forces in the market before identifying threats and opportunities as well as coming with a suitable strategy (Hill Jones, 2009:201). Another strategy that FedEx Corporation used was improving product differentiation by embracing innovation and offering high quality products and services to customers. According to (Goodwin, 2000:67), FedEx Corporation pooled its marketing, sales and customer service function that enable customers to access services of the group at a single point. The reorganization cost FedEx Corporation 100 million USD in a span of three years, but the end justified the means. These measures retained FedEx in the market, but did not frustrate UPS which in a number of years has managed to scoop its fair share of the market. Today, FedEx has grown into a multi- billion corporation owning various companies namely the FedEx corporation, FedEx Ground, FedEx Express , FedEx Freight, FedEx custom critical, FedEx Trade Networks and FedEx Kinkos . On the other hand, UPS has grown to the largest package delivery company on the globe owning companies like; UPS Mail Innovations, UPS Air Cargo, UPS Capital Corporation, UPS Consulting, UPS Aviation Technologies, UPS Mail Boxes Among Others. Threat of Substitutes A substitute product in Porters model is a product in other industries which could be deployed as an alternative to another product from a different industry. The threat of substitutes according to the five forces theory therefore exists when the demand of a product is affected by change in price of a substitute product (Overbeck, 2009:56). The same way the price elasticity of a product is affected by same substitute products hence when more substitutes become available, it influence demand, which becomes more elastic because customers have more alternatives. Competition can be endangered by threat of substitutes when they come from outside industry. Strategic management theory and five forces theory according to Hill and Jones (2009:53) assert that existence of very close substitutes poses a strong threat in the market and leads to reduced profitability. To deal with such a challenge the two theories support the idea of diversifying a companys products and service as FedEx did (Hill Jones, 2009:53-54). FedEx embraced technology and innovation, which enhanced reliability and speed of deliveries in the firm. The company adopted next day delivery services, which completely revolutionized the industry. This made it preferable to many customers because it became reliable and convenient. Perishable commodities could reach their intended destination with appropriate time, which consequently reduced competition among its rivals. According to Overbeck (2009:45), FedEx Corporation Company under the leadership of Smith pioneered a number of technological breakthrough that propelled the firm above all others. For instance, over 100000 PCs loaded with Federal Express software made to log and link customers into tracking and ordering systems were introduced in FedEx. Federal Express also, became the first to issue their drivers with handle scanners, a device that alerted customers when packages were either delivered or picked up. According to Pauline and Farhoomand (2000:113), Federal Express Co rporation was the first to launch a website with tracking and tracing capabilities. Such strategies helped the company to grow without feeling the pinch of the threat of substitutes. Buyer Power This is the impact that customers (buyers) have on a producing industry. According to Overbeck (2009:89), there are factors that determine the buyer power. Federal Express Corporation has been shaped by the buyer power especially corporate buyers who have enormous bargaining power resulting from the large amounts of purchases they make. Buyer power is also influenced by the switching costs. It is a fact that buyers power greatly influences FedEx. For example, it gained a huge share of the catalogue business because it was able to offer buyers lower prices as compared to UPS. The company has always tried to expand with the demand of its customers (Overbeck, 2009:89). FedEx Company has used information technology that has been quite significant in the globalization of trade, effective and efficient sharing of information within and outside the company, improved customer service and reduced costs of services offered by the company. As a result, the buyer power is skewed towards Federal Express Corporation because it provides the services that the buyer demands. According to five forces theory and strategic management theory, buyer power is a very significant consideration in designing business strategy (Hill Jones, 2009:50-52). On the other hand, buyer power also constrains FedEx in some ways. The delivery has nominal switching costs such that when a customer is not satisfied, they can easily switch to the competitors services. For instance, when UPS made its entry into the market, offering its services at half the price offered by FedEx, many of its customers disregarded the switching costs and moved to UPS. Supplier Power Supplier power illustrates the ease with which suppliers can determine prices. Supplier power id determined by the number of suppliers available in an industry, the distinctiveness of their services or products their influence over a company. The more supplier options open to a company, the less the likelihood of high supplier power. According to Hill and Jones (2009:52), a powerful supply has the ability to influence the producing industry. According to five forces theory and strategic management theory, suppliers can easily determine the future and progress of a firm and so can the third parties (Hill Jones, 2009:53). While other rival companies in the industry were sub-contracting their shipment to third parties and buying space on commercial airlines, Federal Express Corporation tried to acquire its own transportation fleet and in the tenth year, it became the first company in the United States to achieve 1 billion USD revenue mark in ten years without corporate mergers and acquisitions. According to Farhoomand and Pauline (2000), Federal Express Corporation does not have external factors that influence its internal decision and operation and has been able to advance greatly in the industry this is because Federal Express Corporation has limited influence of buyer power. Barriers to Entry/ Threat of Entry Hill and Jones (2009:43) argue that industries possess some characteristics, which protect the lofty levels of profit of firms in the market, which prevent additional firms from entering the market. It is this inhibition of additional rivals in the market, which is termed as barriers to entry. According to Strategic management and five forces theories, barriers to entry reduce rate of entry of new businesses, which therefore maintains the high level of profit for those firms that are already in the industry (Hill Jones, 2009:87). The sources of such barriers include government created barriers, Asset specificity, patents and proprietary knowledge and organizational economies of scale. Federal Express is already in the industry and dominating the industry already (Farhoomand Pauline, 2000:79). Therefore, it is not faced with any barrier to entry into the industry. FedEx and the other delivery companies already in the market like UPS are the cause of the barriers. They have large brand name as well as established relations with foreign countries. Smaller companies will have an almost impossible task of penetrating the market because of the large capital requirements. With little capital, it will be impossible to offer competitive prices. Further, reaching the standards set by the market giants is an uphill task. Federal Express SWOT Analysis FedEx SWOT analysis presents how the company has been able to use information technology in defining its strategies (Quality-Assurance-Solution, n.d.). Information technology apart from improving the performance has made it possible for the company reaches new associates or groups of people. SWOT analysis of FedEx Company involves analyzing strength, weaknesses, opportunities as well as the threats of the company in accordance with the SWOT analysis theory (Burger, 2008:12) Strengths of FedEx SWOT analysis theory according to Burger (2008:13) is very instrumental in helping companies identify internal and external attributes and factor, which affect the companies resource capability. According to the theory, internal attributes are strengths and weaknesses while external attributes are opportunities and threats (Burger, 2008:13). FedEx strengths in the transport industry include ; Efficient service delivery to customers. The company gives the needs of customers first priority. This has instilled customers with confidence in the company, thereby making it quite preferable among many people in the global market. In addition, Grignard (1994) argues that the strength of the company is the ability to offer express mail services, which ensures that mails are delivered overnight. This has made the company to outdo many major players in the industry such as United States Postal Service in terms of service delivery as well as customer service. According SWOT analysis theory such strength is very crucial in making FedEx realize its objectives (Burger, 2008:13). FedEx Company also has a very strong brand name, which gives it its place in the global market. FedEx is known for its innovativeness. It has proved time and over that it is capable of initiating great ideas that totally change the market. For example, the purchase of their own airplanes and ships instead of hiring. This boosts a customers confidence in the company as they are guaranteed that third parties are not a party to the delivery of their parcels. Further, FedEx is known as a market leader. Its known for its use of advanced technology and effective communications systems in all its operations. Its a recognized worldwide transportation company and its also known for its ability to take in smaller companies to expand its needs. Above all, its greatest strength is its brand name and the goodwill or reputation attached to it. Weaknesses SWOT theory according to Burger (2008:12) states that weaknesses are some of the internal conditions, which prevent companies from achieving their objectives. For instance, the dispute between the company and its pilots is an internal crack which could damage its reputation

Gay Men Should Be Allowed To Donate Blood :: essays research papers

â€Å"A man who has had sex with another man within the last five years, whether oral or anal sex, with or without a condom or other form of protection, is not permitted to donate blood and must please not do so.† This was the statement issued last Thursday by a spokesman from the South African National Blood Service (SANBS). This statement had caused a huge dispute between the SANBS and the Gay and Lesbian Alliance (GLA) Every newspaper has headline after headline about this new topic, every news update on all radio stations, every news program on the television, everybody is talking about this latest disruption in our some-what peaceful lives. The GLA states that on Friday, the day after the statement was made, they donated gay blood, some newspapers claim that 120 units were given, another says over 600 units were donated, all the stories are very conflicting, which one, if any, are we to believe? A big question everyone is asking is that if they did donate gay blood, why did they if they were clearly asked not to, and when they did, it means they lied on the forms about their sexual activities. What good is this going to do anyone one may ask, but if you were in that situation, would you not do something about it to? If they suddenly decided that any white female is forbidden to donate blood, no matter what your HIV status is, would you not retaliate and cause a rebel? This causes us to think, (for once), what the gay men did was wrong by donating their blood, but we cannot point fingers and judge them if we would have done the same. What the SANBS is totally wrong, discrimination of any kind is against the law and yet they are blatantly doing it in front of the whole country, and world. Way back when HIV and AIDS was first discovered, the gay men were the only ones that seemed to be infected with this disease, so at that time it was a reasonable rule to ban them from donating. But now we are in 2006 and every single gender, race, religion and group has been infected with HIV so to only ban gay men is unacceptable.